Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS)
Also: VIIP · visual impairment intracranial pressure syndrome
Gravity FieldsHostile/Closed EnvironmentNeuro-ophthalmicNeurological & CognitiveIn-flightPostflight RecoveryLifetime SurveillanceLEO long-durationLunar surfaceMars transit & surfaceClinicianResearcherPublic
- Long-duration astronauts have shown optic disc edema, globe flattening, choroidal folds and hyperopic refractive shifts. ◇◇◇◇ Grade pending · F
- The condition was formerly called VIIP (visual impairment and intracranial pressure); the name SANS reflects uncertainty about mechanism. ◇◇◇◇ Grade pending · E
- Headward fluid shift in microgravity is a leading hypothesized contributor; mechanisms remain under investigation. ◇◇◇◇ Grade pending · F A
Evidence grades are pending reviewer assignment. Source tags: F flight · A analog · M model/animal · C computational · E expert.
Definition & overview
Ophthalmic findings in astronauts after long-duration flight were described in a landmark 2011 case series [1]. The terminology later shifted from VIIP to SANS, and the syndrome is now a prominent risk for exploration-class missions [2].
Content pending clinical review.
Hazard context (RIDGE)
Content pending clinical review.
Epidemiology & incidence in spaceflight
Content pending clinical review.
Pathophysiology
Content pending clinical review.
Clinical presentation
Content pending clinical review.
Diagnosis & monitoring
Content pending clinical review.
Prevention & countermeasures
Content pending clinical review.
Management
Content pending clinical review.
Mission-type considerations
Content pending clinical review.
Postflight & long-term outcomes
Content pending clinical review.
Terrestrial analogs & relevance
Content pending clinical review.
Research frontier
Content pending clinical review.
Commercial spaceflight notes
Content pending clinical review.
Clinical pearls / pitfalls
Content pending clinical review.
Evidence profile
- Overall certainty
- ◇◇◇◇ Grade pending (proposed)
- Last reviewed
- Pending review
References 2
- Mader TH, Gibson CR, Pass AF, et al. Optic disc edema, globe flattening, choroidal folds, and hyperopic shifts observed in astronauts after long-duration space flight. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(10):2058-2069. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.021 F
- Lee AG, Mader TH, Gibson CR, et al. Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) and the neuro-ophthalmologic effects of microgravity: a review and an update. NPJ Microgravity. 2020;6:7. doi:10.1038/s41526-020-0097-9 E
Citations require human verification against source before review.
Article info
- Authors
- Pending
- Reviewer
- Pending review
- Last reviewed
- Pending review
- AI-assisted
- Yes (disclosed)
- COI
- Pending
- License
- CC BY-SA 4.0
- Cite this version
- Pending first edition